Although Africanists opposed his candidacy, Mandela was elected to be regional president in October. ed. [6] One of Ngubengcuka's sons, named Mandela, was Nelson's grandfather and the source of his surname. [459] Mandela was also criticised for his friendship with political leaders such as Castro, Gaddafi, and Suharto—deemed dictators by critics—as well as his refusal to condemn their governments' human rights violations. [340][341] Between 2005 and 2013, Mandela, and later his family, were embroiled in a series of legal disputes regarding money held in family trusts for the benefit of his descendants. [5] His patrilineal great-grandfather, Ngubengcuka, was king of the Thembu people in the Transkeian Territories of South Africa's modern Eastern Cape province. When Ramohanoe acted against the wishes of the committee by co-operating with Indians and communists, Mandela was one of those who forced his resignation. [445] Some have portrayed Mandela in messianic terms,[446] in contrast to his own statement that "I was not a messiah, but an ordinary man who had become a leader because of extraordinary circumstances. [330], In June 2004, aged 85 and amid failing health, Mandela announced that he was "retiring from retirement" and retreating from public life, remarking, "Don't call me, I will call you. His book Nelson Mandela By Himself: The Authorised Book of Quotations is launched : 21 … [424], He was raised in the Methodist denomination of Christianity; the Methodist Church of Southern Africa claimed that he retained his allegiance to them throughout his life. In 1996 he oversaw the enactment of a new democratic constitution. In April 1994 the Mandela-led ANC won South Africa’s first elections by universal suffrage, and on May 10 Mandela was sworn in as president of the country’s first multiethnic government. [397] Despite these beliefs, Mandela initiated a programme of privatisation during his presidency in line with trends in other countries of the time. [79], In 1952, the ANC began preparation for a joint Defiance Campaign against apartheid with Indian and communist groups, founding a National Voluntary Board to recruit volunteers. Botha’s government in exploratory negotiations; he met with Botha’s successor, de Klerk, in December 1989. ed. ", "South Africa: Mandela Deluged With Tributes as He Turns 85", "Mandela arrived late to the fight against HIV-AIDS", "Equipo Nizkor – Mandela slams Western action in Kosovo, Iraq", "Mandela, Bush Discuss Education, AIDS in Africa", "The Obama-Mandela dynamic, reflected in a photo", "Nelson Mandela Celebrates 90th Birthday by Urging Rich to Help Poor", "Hyde Park concert to mark Mandela's 90th", "Nelson Mandela attends World Cup closing ceremony", "Messy Fight Over Mandela Trust Goes Public", "South African courts step in over Mandela family burial row", "Nelson Mandela's grandson Mandla accused of grave tampering", "Nelson Mandela, 94, responding positively to treatment in hospital", "Nelson Mandela arrives home in ambulance", "Nelson Mandela hospitalized in serious condition", "Mandela wished a 'peaceful end' by Cape Town Archbishop", "Nelson Mandela condition worsens as Zuma cancels trip", "Mandela discharged from South Africa hospital", "South Africa's Nelson Mandela dies in Johannesburg", "Mandela's Death Leaves South Africa Without Its Moral Center", "Mandela's memorial service to be held on December 10", "Nelson Mandela to be laid to rest on December 15", "Nelson Mandela funeral: 'Millions misspent, "Nelson Mandela leaves $4.1-million estate to family, staff, schools", "The Life and Times of Nelson Mandela: Genealogy", "Nelson Mandela to spend Christmas in S Africa hospital", "US government considered Nelson Mandela a terrorist until 2008", "Mandela and the Dictators: A Freedom Fighter With A Complicated Past", "How the awards have just kept flooding in", "President Honors Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom", "Statement on the Ataturk Award given to Nelson Mandela", "Royal Decree 270/1999, 12th February 1999", "Canada presents Nelson Mandela with the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee medal", "Mandela to be honoured with Canadian citizenship", "Madiba conferred freedom of Johannesburg", "Nelson Mandela statue unveiled in Pretoria by Zuma", Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners from the United Nations General Assembly, "Nelson Mandela: The Triumph of the Protest Song", "Postcolonial Terrorist: The Example of Nelson Mandela", President of the African National Congress, Secretary General of Non-Aligned Movement, Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Mandela Rules), Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality, "Bring Him Back Home (Nelson Mandela)" (song), Secretaries-General of the Non-Aligned Movement, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons, United Nations Blue Berets stationed in Ex-Yugoslavia, Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research, International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nelson_Mandela&oldid=1011793923, Bailiffs Grand Cross of the Order of St John, Collars of the Order of Isabella the Catholic, Grand Commanders of the Order of the Federal Republic, Honorary Companions of the Order of Australia, Honorary Companions of the Order of Canada, Honorary Companions of the Order of the Star of Ghana, Members of the National Assembly of South Africa, Members of the South African Communist Party, People from King Sabata Dalindyebo Local Municipality, Presidents of the African National Congress, Recipients of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, 1st class, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia, Pages which use embedded infobox templates with the title parameter, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Nobelprize template using Wikidata property P8024, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Semantic Scholar author identifiers, Wikipedia articles with TePapa identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 12 March 2021, at 21:31. [467] He was appointed to the Order of Isabella the Catholic[473] and the Order of Canada,[474] and was the first living person to be made an honorary Canadian citizen. [47] To save money and be closer to downtown Johannesburg, Mandela moved into the compound of the Witwatersrand Native Labour Association, living among miners of various tribes; as the compound was visited by various chiefs, he once met the Queen Regent of Basutoland. [31] Mandela stayed in the Wesley House dormitory, befriending his own kinsman, K. D. Matanzima, as well as Oliver Tambo, who became a close friend and comrade for decades to come. [95] With the involvement of the South African Indian Congress, the Coloured People's Congress, the South African Congress of Trade Unions and the Congress of Democrats, the ANC planned a Congress of the People, calling on all South Africans to send in proposals for a post-apartheid era. [475] Queen Elizabeth II appointed him as a Bailiff Grand Cross of the Order of St. John and granted him membership in the Order of Merit. 8.bronnen 9.motievantie 10.verwerking Mandela is 95 Mandela served 27 years in prison, split between Robben Island, Pollsmoor Prison and Victor Verster Prison. [242][243] Although Mbeki had not been his first choice for the job, Mandela grew to rely heavily on him throughout his presidency, allowing him to shape policy details. [227] Soon after, Mandela and de Klerk were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in Norway. [309], Mandela stepped down as ANC President at the party's December 1997 conference. Both de Klerk and Mbeki appealed to have parts of the report suppressed, though only de Klerk's appeal was successful. Throughout his incarceration, Mandela retained wide support among South Africa’s Black population, and his imprisonment became a cause célèbre among the international community that condemned apartheid. So here is a brief explanation of each name: Rolihlahla . [245] Retaining his Houghton home, he also had a house built in his home village of Qunu, which he visited regularly, walking around the area, meeting with locals, and judging tribal disputes. He had to learn and develop like everyone else. Nelson Mandela had three wives: Evelyn Ntoko Mase (1944–58); Winnie Madikizela-Mandela (1958–96), who was also a noteworthy anti-apartheid champion; and Graça Machel (1998–2013), who was the widow of Samora Machel, former president of Mozambique (1975–86), and was Mandela’s wife at the time of his death in 2013. During the extended court proceedings, he divorced his first wife and married Nomzamo Winifred Madikizela ( Mandela's marriage to Evelyn Ntoko Mase ended in divorce in the mid-1950s after she told him to choose between his political work and her. [349] In June 2013, his lung infection worsened and he was readmitted to a Pretoria hospital in serious condition. [177] Getting on well with Pollsmoor's commanding officer, Brigadier Munro, Mandela was permitted to create a roof garden;[178] he also read voraciously and corresponded widely, now permitted 52 letters a year. [97], Following the end of a second ban in September 1955, Mandela went on a working holiday to Transkei to discuss the implications of the Bantu Authorities Act, 1951 with local tribal leaders, also visiting his mother and Noengland before proceeding to Cape Town. He proceeded to Morocco, Mali, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Senegal, receiving funds from Liberian President William Tubman and Guinean President Ahmed Sékou Touré. [233] He also urged a reduction in the voting age from 18 to 14; rejected by the ANC, this policy became the subject of ridicule. 1986), No Easy Walk to Freedom (1965; updated ed. [429], Mandela was very self-conscious about being a man and regularly made references to manhood. Nelson Mandela ist tot. In December 1956 he was arrested with more than 100 other people on charges of treason that were designed to harass antiapartheid activists. [190] Although presented globally as a heroic figure, he faced personal problems when ANC leaders informed him that Winnie had set herself up as head of a gang, the "Mandela United Football Club", which had been responsible for torturing and killing opponents—including children—in Soweto. Hy is in 1999 as staatshoof deur Thabo Mbeki opgevolg. [256] Although his Government of National Unity would be dominated by the ANC,[257] he attempted to create a broad coalition by appointing de Klerk as Deputy President and appointing other National Party officials as ministers for Agriculture, Environment, and Minerals and Energy, as well as naming Buthelezi as Minister for Home Affairs. [29] Mandela spent much of his spare time at Healdtown as a long-distance runner and boxer, and in his second year he became a prefect. [56] Deciding on the need for a youth wing to mass-mobilise Africans in opposition to their subjugation, Mandela was among a delegation that approached ANC President Alfred Bitini Xuma on the subject at his home in Sophiatown; the African National Congress Youth League (ANCYL) was founded on Easter Sunday 1944 in the Bantu Men's Social Centre, with Lembede as president and Mandela as a member of its executive committee. B. [170] Mandela tried to build a relationship with these young radicals, although he was critical of their racialism and contempt for white anti-apartheid activists. [427] According to Sampson, Mandela never had "a strong religious faith" however,[428] while Boehmer stated that Mandela's religious belief was "never robust". "[392] Conversely, the biographer David Jones Smith stated that Mandela "embraced communism and communists" in the late 1950s and early 1960s,[393] while the historian Stephen Ellis commented that Mandela had assimilated much of the Marxist–Leninist ideology by 1960. The ANC was also victorious in seven provinces, with Inkatha and the National Party each taking one. [223] The duo agreed on an interim constitution based on a liberal democratic model, guaranteeing separation of powers, creating a constitutional court, and including a US-style bill of rights; it also divided the country into nine provinces, each with its own premier and civil service, a concession between de Klerk's desire for federalism and Mandela's for unitary government. [60] Mandela enjoyed home life, welcoming his mother and his sister, Leabie, to stay with him. This legislation ensured that such tenants could not be evicted without a court order or if they were over the age of 65. [378], Although he presented himself in an autocratic manner in several speeches, Mandela was a devout believer in democracy and abided by majority decisions even when deeply disagreeing with them. Mandela argued that there was a "third force" within the state intelligence services fuelling the "slaughter of the people" and openly blamed de Klerk—whom he increasingly distrusted—for the Sebokeng massacre. He went underground (during which time he became known as the Black Pimpernel for his ability to evade capture) and was one of the founders of Dare Not Linger: The Presidential Years [25] Made to socialise with other students on an equal basis, he claimed that he lost his "stuck up" attitude, becoming best friends with a girl for the first time; he began playing sports and developed his lifelong love of gardening. [417] A self-described Anglophile, he claimed to have lived by the "trappings of British style and manners". Although Cyril Ramaphosa led the ANC's delegation, Mandela remained a key figure, and after de Klerk used the closing speech to condemn the ANC's violence, he took to the stage to denounce de Klerk as the "head of an illegitimate, discredited minority regime". [326] In 2003, he spoke out against the plans for the United States to launch a war in Iraq, describing it as "a tragedy" and lambasting US President George W. Bush and UK Prime Minister Tony Blair (whom he referred to as an "American foreign minister") for undermining the UN, saying, "All that (Mr. Bush) wants is Iraqi oil". [157] South African Minister of Justice Jimmy Kruger visited in December 1974, but he and Mandela did not get along with each other. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. [132] In later years, Donald Rickard, a former American diplomat revealed that the Central Intelligence Agency, who feared Mandela's associations with communists, had informed the South African police of his location. According to the SACP, he was not only a member of the party, but also served on its Central Committee. Each name has its own special meaning and story. [403] While living in Johannesburg in the 1950s, he cultivated the image of the "African gentleman", having "the pressed clothes, correct manners, and modulated public speech" associated with such a position. [484] The second was Anthony Sampson's Mandela, published in 1999. Nelson Mandela is accompanied by his wife Winnie, moments after his release from Victor Verster prison. [404] In doing so, Lodge argued that Mandela became "one of the first media politicians ... embodying a glamour and a style that projected visually a brave new African world of modernity and freedom". Economically, Mandela's administration retained its predecessor's liberal framework despite his own socialist beliefs, also introducing measures to encourage land reform, combat poverty and expand healthcare services. [313] The following day, he held a grand party with many foreign dignitaries. The late Mr Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela is sometimes referred to by other names. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Nelson Mandela's early life and marriage. He also met with Queen Elizabeth II on her March 1995 state visit to South Africa, which earned him strong criticism from ANC anti-capitalists. [453] Within a decade of the end of his presidency, Mandela's era was being widely thought of as "a golden age of hope and harmony",[454] with much nostalgia being expressed for it. [267] Mandela praised the commission's work, stating that it "had helped us move away from the past to concentrate on the present and the future". [41] He stayed with a cousin in George Goch Township, who introduced Mandela to realtor and ANC activist Walter Sisulu. Mandela opposed the strike because it was multi-racial and not ANC-led, but a majority of black workers took part, resulting in increased police repression and the introduction of the Suppression of Communism Act, 1950, affecting the actions of all protest groups. He traveled throughout the country as part of the campaign, trying to build support for nonviolent means of protest against the discriminatory laws. Numerous banks and Thatcher asked Botha to release Mandela—then at the height of his international fame—to defuse the volatile situation. [108], Responding to the unrest, the government implemented state of emergency measures, declaring martial law and banning the ANC and PAC; in March, they arrested Mandela and other activists, imprisoning them for five months without charge in the unsanitary conditions of the Pretoria Local prison. [368] According to biographer Tom Lodge, "for Mandela, politics has always been primarily about enacting stories, about making narratives, primarily about morally exemplary conduct, and only secondarily about ideological vision, more about means rather than ends. [305] The ANC took over the cabinet positions formerly held by the Nationalists, with Mbeki becoming sole Deputy President. Found guilty of "statutory communism", a term that the government used to describe most opposition to apartheid, their sentence of nine months' hard labour was suspended for two years.